See draugs on Wiktionary
{
"head_templates": [
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},
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[
"draug",
"draug#English"
]
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"head_templates": [
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"lang": "Icelandic",
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}
{
"etymology_links": [
[
"*draugás",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/draugás"
],
[
"*dʰrewgʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-"
],
[
"draugs",
"draugs#Latvian"
],
[
"draugas",
"draugas#Lithuanian"
]
],
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{
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"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*draugás"
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},
{
"args": {
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"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to be second"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be second”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "draugs"
},
"expansion": "Latvian draugs",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "draugas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian draugas",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Balto-Slavic *draugás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be second”). Cognates include Latvian draugs and Lithuanian draugas.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "draudzeņš",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "1 noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "draugs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drauga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugūs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "draugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
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"2": "noun",
"3": "diminutive",
"4": "draudzeņš",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "draugs m (diminutive draudzeņš)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "draudzeņš"
},
"expansion": "draugs m (diminutive draudzeņš)",
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],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"draugs"
]
}
],
"lang": "Latgalian",
"lang_code": "ltg",
"pos": "noun",
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{
"categories": [
{
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"name": "Latgalian entries with incorrect language header",
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{
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
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"source": "w"
},
{
"kind": "other",
"langcode": "ltg",
"name": "People",
"orig": "ltg:People",
"parents": [],
"source": "w"
},
{
"_dis": "34 22 37 1 5 1",
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"name": "Pages with 4 entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
},
{
"_dis": "32 22 36 1 9 1",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Pages with entries",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"glosses": [
"friend"
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"english": "female friend",
"translation": "female friend",
"word": "draudzine"
}
],
"id": "en-draugs-ltg-noun-zeSFN8os",
"links": [
[
"friend",
"friend"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈdràu̯ks]"
}
],
"word": "draugs"
}
{
"derived": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "draudzība"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "draudzīgs"
},
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "draudzīgums"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*draugás",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/draugás"
],
[
"*dʰrewgʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-"
],
[
"hostis",
"hostis#Latin"
],
[
"hospes",
"hospes#Latin"
],
[
"draugs",
"draugs#Latvian"
],
[
"draugs",
"draugs#Latvian"
],
[
"vīrs",
"vīrs#Latvian"
],
[
"drauga",
"drauga#Latvian"
],
[
"bērns",
"bērns#Latvian"
]
],
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{
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"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*draugás"
},
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"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to be other, to be second"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be other, to be second”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "hostis"
},
"expansion": "Latin hostis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "draugs"
},
"expansion": "Latvian draugs",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Balto-Slavic *draugás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be other, to be second”). From the meaning “other, second,” two main meanings evolved: “friend” and “enemy, evil” (cf. the evolution of Latin hostis from “stranger” to “enemy” and hospes from “stranger” to “host”). In the Baltic and Slavic languages, only the “friend” meaning eventually survived. The older meaning of “other, second” for Latvian draugs is still sporadically attested in folk songs (draugs vīrs (“another man”); cf. also dialectal drauga bērns (“stepchild”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "draudzene",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "draugs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drauga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "draugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"10": "",
"11": "",
"12": "",
"13": "or",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "1st declension",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "female equivalent",
"8": "draudzene",
"9": "or",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "draugs m (1st declension, female equivalent draudzene)",
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},
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"1": "m",
"2": "1st",
"fem": "draudzene"
},
"expansion": "draugs m (1st declension, female equivalent draudzene)",
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}
],
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{
"args": {
"1": "draug",
"2": "s",
"3": "1st",
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"name": "lv-decl-noun"
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{
"args": {
"1": "draug",
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"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
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},
{
"args": {
"1": "draugs",
"10": "draugiem",
"11": "draugā",
"12": "draugos",
"13": "draugs",
"14": "draugi",
"2": "draugi",
"3": "draugu",
"4": "draugus",
"5": "drauga",
"6": "draugu",
"7": "draugam",
"8": "draugiem",
"9": "draugu",
"type": "1st",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"_dis1": "0 0 0",
"word": "draudzēties"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "69 19 12",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian words with falling intonation",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
17,
23
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
18,
24
]
],
"english": "childhood, school friend",
"text": "bernības, skolas draugs",
"translation": "childhood, school friend",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
11
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"english": "close friend",
"text": "tuvs draugs",
"translation": "close friend",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
8,
15
]
],
"english": "sincere friends",
"text": "sirsnīgi draugi",
"translation": "sincere friends",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
21,
28
]
],
"english": "to be in a circle of friends",
"text": "būt draugu pulkā",
"translation": "to be in a circle of friends",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
11
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
12
],
[
22,
29
]
],
"english": "to be frends (lit. in friends) (with someone)",
"text": "būt draugos",
"translation": "to be frends (lit. in friends) (with someone)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
16
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
22,
28
]
],
"english": "husband (lit. married friend)",
"text": "laulātais draugs",
"translation": "husband (lit. married friend)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
19
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
25
]
],
"english": "husband (lit. life friend; poetic)",
"text": "dzīves, mūža draugs",
"translation": "husband (lit. life friend; poetic)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
6
]
],
"english": "friend of the house (someone who visits frequently)",
"text": "mājas draugs",
"translation": "friend of the house (someone who visits frequently)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
17,
23
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
16,
22
]
],
"english": "for happiness a friend is necessary, with whom there would be a lot in common: dreams and joys, opinions and concerns",
"text": "laimei vajadzīgs draugs, ar ko būtu daudz kā kopīga: gan sapņi un prieks, gan uzskati un rūpes",
"translation": "for happiness a friend is necessary, with whom there would be a lot in common: dreams and joys, opinions and concerns",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
97,
105
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
131,
138
]
],
"english": "Ints and Zints live in the same house, study in the same class in the same school, and sit in the same bench; both call themselves friends and keep together like two thistles",
"text": "Ints un Zints dzīvo vienā mājā, mācās vienā skolā, vienā klasē un sēž vienā solā; abi saucas par draugiem un turas kopā kā divi dadži",
"translation": "Ints and Zints live in the same house, study in the same class in the same school, and sit in the same bench; both call themselves friends and keep together like two thistles",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"friend (a person with whom one has a friendship)"
],
"id": "en-draugs-lv-noun-IB2CjWSd",
"links": [
[
"friend",
"friend"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"friendship",
"friendship#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
{
"_dis": "41 51 7",
"kind": "other",
"name": "Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"parents": [],
"source": "w+disamb"
}
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
20
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
12,
18
]
],
"english": "four-legged friend",
"text": "četrkājainais draugs",
"translation": "four-legged friend",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
28,
34
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
37,
44
]
],
"english": "the boy and the dog were inseparable friends",
"text": "zēns ar suni bija nešķirami draugi",
"translation": "the boy and the dog were inseparable friends",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
20
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
18,
25
]
],
"english": "the two cats were friends",
"text": "abi kaķi bija draugi",
"translation": "the two cats were friends",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"friend (an animal with whom one has friendly relations; an animal which behaves in a friendly way towards people or other animals)"
],
"id": "en-draugs-lv-noun-vFxuOd4S",
"links": [
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"friend",
"friend"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
],
[
"friendly",
"friendly#English"
],
[
"relation",
"relation#English"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
],
[
"behave",
"behave#English"
],
[
"friendly",
"friendly#English"
],
[
"way",
"way#English"
],
[
"people",
"people#English"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of animals) friend (an animal with whom one has friendly relations; an animal which behaves in a friendly way towards people or other animals)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of animals"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
2,
8
],
[
10,
15
]
],
"english": "a friend, lover of nature",
"text": "dabas draugs",
"translation": "a friend, lover of nature",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
14
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"english": "music lovers",
"text": "mūzikas draugi",
"translation": "music lovers",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
14
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
5,
11
]
],
"english": "book lovers",
"text": "grāmatu draugi",
"translation": "book lovers",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
11
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
7,
13
]
],
"english": "cinema lovers club",
"text": "kino draugu klubs",
"translation": "cinema lovers club",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"friend, admirer, lover (of something)"
],
"id": "en-draugs-lv-noun-aKtBcJwM",
"links": [
[
"people",
"people"
],
[
"friend",
"friend"
],
[
"admirer",
"admirer"
],
[
"lover",
"lover"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of people) friend, admirer, lover (of something)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[drà͜ʊks̪]"
},
{
"audio": "lv-riga-draugs.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Lv-riga-draugs.ogg/Lv-riga-draugs.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Lv-riga-draugs.ogg"
}
],
"word": "draugs"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "en",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "draugs",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "English",
"lang_code": "en",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"English entries with incorrect language header",
"English non-lemma forms",
"English noun forms",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "draug"
}
],
"glosses": [
"plural of draug"
],
"links": [
[
"draug",
"draug#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"plural"
]
}
],
"word": "draugs"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "is",
"2": "noun form"
},
"expansion": "draugs",
"name": "head"
}
],
"lang": "Icelandic",
"lang_code": "is",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Icelandic entries with incorrect language header",
"Icelandic non-lemma forms",
"Icelandic noun forms",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"form_of": [
{
"word": "draugur"
}
],
"glosses": [
"indefinite genitive singular of draugur"
],
"links": [
[
"draugur",
"draugur#Icelandic"
]
],
"tags": [
"form-of",
"genitive",
"indefinite",
"singular"
]
}
],
"word": "draugs"
}
{
"categories": [
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*draugás",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/draugás"
],
[
"*dʰrewgʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-"
],
[
"draugs",
"draugs#Latvian"
],
[
"draugas",
"draugas#Lithuanian"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*draugás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *draugás",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to be second"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be second”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "draugs"
},
"expansion": "Latvian draugs",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lt",
"2": "draugas"
},
"expansion": "Lithuanian draugas",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Balto-Slavic *draugás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be second”). Cognates include Latvian draugs and Lithuanian draugas.",
"forms": [
{
"form": "draudzeņš",
"tags": [
"diminutive"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "1 noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"class"
]
},
{
"form": "draugs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drauga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugim",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugūs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draug",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "draugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "ltg",
"2": "noun",
"3": "diminutive",
"4": "draudzeņš",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": ""
},
"expansion": "draugs m (diminutive draudzeņš)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "draudzeņš"
},
"expansion": "draugs m (diminutive draudzeņš)",
"name": "ltg-noun"
}
],
"hyphenations": [
{
"parts": [
"draugs"
]
}
],
"hyponyms": [
{
"english": "female friend",
"translation": "female friend",
"word": "draudzine"
}
],
"lang": "Latgalian",
"lang_code": "ltg",
"pos": "noun",
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latgalian entries with incorrect language header",
"Latgalian lemmas",
"Latgalian masculine nouns",
"Latgalian nouns",
"Latgalian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Latgalian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latgalian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Latgalian terms with IPA pronunciation",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries",
"ltg:People"
],
"glosses": [
"friend"
],
"links": [
[
"friend",
"friend"
]
],
"tags": [
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[ˈdràu̯ks]"
}
],
"word": "draugs"
}
{
"categories": [
"Latvian entries with incorrect language header",
"Latvian first declension nouns",
"Latvian lemmas",
"Latvian masculine nouns",
"Latvian nouns",
"Latvian terms derived from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Latvian terms derived from Proto-Indo-European",
"Latvian terms inherited from Proto-Balto-Slavic",
"Latvian words with falling intonation",
"Pages with 4 entries",
"Pages with entries"
],
"derived": [
{
"word": "draudzība"
},
{
"word": "draudzīgs"
},
{
"word": "draudzīgums"
}
],
"etymology_links": [
[
"*draugás",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Balto-Slavic/draugás"
],
[
"*dʰrewgʰ-",
"Reconstruction:Proto-Indo-European/dʰrewgʰ-"
],
[
"hostis",
"hostis#Latin"
],
[
"hospes",
"hospes#Latin"
],
[
"draugs",
"draugs#Latvian"
],
[
"draugs",
"draugs#Latvian"
],
[
"vīrs",
"vīrs#Latvian"
],
[
"drauga",
"drauga#Latvian"
],
[
"bērns",
"bērns#Latvian"
]
],
"etymology_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-bsl-pro",
"3": "*draugás"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Balto-Slavic *draugás",
"name": "inh"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "ine-pro",
"3": "*dʰrewgʰ-",
"4": "",
"5": "to be other, to be second"
},
"expansion": "Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be other, to be second”)",
"name": "der"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "la",
"2": "hostis"
},
"expansion": "Latin hostis",
"name": "cog"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"2": "draugs"
},
"expansion": "Latvian draugs",
"name": "cog"
}
],
"etymology_text": "From Proto-Balto-Slavic *draugás, from Proto-Indo-European *dʰrewgʰ- (“to be other, to be second”). From the meaning “other, second,” two main meanings evolved: “friend” and “enemy, evil” (cf. the evolution of Latin hostis from “stranger” to “enemy” and hospes from “stranger” to “host”). In the Baltic and Slavic languages, only the “friend” meaning eventually survived. The older meaning of “other, second” for Latvian draugs is still sporadically attested in folk songs (draugs vīrs (“another man”); cf. also dialectal drauga bērns (“stepchild”)).",
"forms": [
{
"form": "draudzene",
"tags": [
"feminine"
]
},
{
"form": "no-table-tags",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"table-tags"
]
},
{
"form": "lv-decl-noun",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"inflection-template"
]
},
{
"form": "draugs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"nominative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "drauga",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"genitive",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugam",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"dative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugus",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"accusative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugu",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugiem",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"instrumental",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugā",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"singular"
]
},
{
"form": "draugos",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"locative",
"plural"
]
},
{
"form": "draugs",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"singular",
"vocative"
]
},
{
"form": "draugi",
"source": "declension",
"tags": [
"plural",
"vocative"
]
}
],
"head_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "lv",
"10": "",
"11": "",
"12": "",
"13": "or",
"14": "",
"15": "",
"16": "",
"2": "noun",
"3": "1st declension",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "female equivalent",
"8": "draudzene",
"9": "or",
"cat2": "",
"g": "m",
"g2": "",
"head": "",
"head2": "",
"sort": ""
},
"expansion": "draugs m (1st declension, female equivalent draudzene)",
"name": "head"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "m",
"2": "1st",
"fem": "draudzene"
},
"expansion": "draugs m (1st declension, female equivalent draudzene)",
"name": "lv-noun"
}
],
"inflection_templates": [
{
"args": {
"1": "draug",
"2": "s",
"3": "1st",
"extrawidth": "-60",
"keep-s": "1"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "draug",
"2": "s",
"4": "",
"5": "",
"6": "",
"7": "",
"8": "",
"drop-v": "",
"keep-s": "1",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-1"
},
{
"args": {
"1": "draugs",
"10": "draugiem",
"11": "draugā",
"12": "draugos",
"13": "draugs",
"14": "draugi",
"2": "draugi",
"3": "draugu",
"4": "draugus",
"5": "drauga",
"6": "draugu",
"7": "draugam",
"8": "draugiem",
"9": "draugu",
"type": "1st",
"x": "-60"
},
"name": "lv-decl-noun-table"
}
],
"lang": "Latvian",
"lang_code": "lv",
"pos": "noun",
"related": [
{
"word": "draudzēties"
}
],
"senses": [
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
17,
23
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
18,
24
]
],
"english": "childhood, school friend",
"text": "bernības, skolas draugs",
"translation": "childhood, school friend",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
11
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"english": "close friend",
"text": "tuvs draugs",
"translation": "close friend",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
9,
15
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
8,
15
]
],
"english": "sincere friends",
"text": "sirsnīgi draugi",
"translation": "sincere friends",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
10
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
21,
28
]
],
"english": "to be in a circle of friends",
"text": "būt draugu pulkā",
"translation": "to be in a circle of friends",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
4,
11
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
12
],
[
22,
29
]
],
"english": "to be frends (lit. in friends) (with someone)",
"text": "būt draugos",
"translation": "to be frends (lit. in friends) (with someone)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
10,
16
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
22,
28
]
],
"english": "husband (lit. married friend)",
"text": "laulātais draugs",
"translation": "husband (lit. married friend)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
13,
19
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
19,
25
]
],
"english": "husband (lit. life friend; poetic)",
"text": "dzīves, mūža draugs",
"translation": "husband (lit. life friend; poetic)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
0,
6
]
],
"english": "friend of the house (someone who visits frequently)",
"text": "mājas draugs",
"translation": "friend of the house (someone who visits frequently)",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
17,
23
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
16,
22
]
],
"english": "for happiness a friend is necessary, with whom there would be a lot in common: dreams and joys, opinions and concerns",
"text": "laimei vajadzīgs draugs, ar ko būtu daudz kā kopīga: gan sapņi un prieks, gan uzskati un rūpes",
"translation": "for happiness a friend is necessary, with whom there would be a lot in common: dreams and joys, opinions and concerns",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
97,
105
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
131,
138
]
],
"english": "Ints and Zints live in the same house, study in the same class in the same school, and sit in the same bench; both call themselves friends and keep together like two thistles",
"text": "Ints un Zints dzīvo vienā mājā, mācās vienā skolā, vienā klasē un sēž vienā solā; abi saucas par draugiem un turas kopā kā divi dadži",
"translation": "Ints and Zints live in the same house, study in the same class in the same school, and sit in the same bench; both call themselves friends and keep together like two thistles",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"friend (a person with whom one has a friendship)"
],
"links": [
[
"friend",
"friend"
],
[
"person",
"person#English"
],
[
"friendship",
"friendship#English"
]
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
20
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
12,
18
]
],
"english": "four-legged friend",
"text": "četrkājainais draugs",
"translation": "four-legged friend",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
28,
34
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
37,
44
]
],
"english": "the boy and the dog were inseparable friends",
"text": "zēns ar suni bija nešķirami draugi",
"translation": "the boy and the dog were inseparable friends",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
14,
20
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
18,
25
]
],
"english": "the two cats were friends",
"text": "abi kaķi bija draugi",
"translation": "the two cats were friends",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"friend (an animal with whom one has friendly relations; an animal which behaves in a friendly way towards people or other animals)"
],
"links": [
[
"animal",
"animal"
],
[
"friend",
"friend"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
],
[
"friendly",
"friendly#English"
],
[
"relation",
"relation#English"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
],
[
"behave",
"behave#English"
],
[
"friendly",
"friendly#English"
],
[
"way",
"way#English"
],
[
"people",
"people#English"
],
[
"animal",
"animal#English"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of animals) friend (an animal with whom one has friendly relations; an animal which behaves in a friendly way towards people or other animals)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of animals"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
},
{
"categories": [
"Latvian terms with usage examples"
],
"examples": [
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
2,
8
],
[
10,
15
]
],
"english": "a friend, lover of nature",
"text": "dabas draugs",
"translation": "a friend, lover of nature",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
14
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
6,
12
]
],
"english": "music lovers",
"text": "mūzikas draugi",
"translation": "music lovers",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
8,
14
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
5,
11
]
],
"english": "book lovers",
"text": "grāmatu draugi",
"translation": "book lovers",
"type": "example"
},
{
"bold_text_offsets": [
[
5,
11
]
],
"bold_translation_offsets": [
[
7,
13
]
],
"english": "cinema lovers club",
"text": "kino draugu klubs",
"translation": "cinema lovers club",
"type": "example"
}
],
"glosses": [
"friend, admirer, lover (of something)"
],
"links": [
[
"people",
"people"
],
[
"friend",
"friend"
],
[
"admirer",
"admirer"
],
[
"lover",
"lover"
]
],
"raw_glosses": [
"(of people) friend, admirer, lover (of something)"
],
"raw_tags": [
"of people"
],
"tags": [
"declension-1",
"masculine"
]
}
],
"sounds": [
{
"ipa": "[drà͜ʊks̪]"
},
{
"audio": "lv-riga-draugs.ogg",
"mp3_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a8/Lv-riga-draugs.ogg/Lv-riga-draugs.ogg.mp3",
"ogg_url": "https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Lv-riga-draugs.ogg"
}
],
"word": "draugs"
}
Download raw JSONL data for draugs meaning in All languages combined (14.6kB)
This page is a part of the kaikki.org machine-readable All languages combined dictionary. This dictionary is based on structured data extracted on 2026-10-03 from the enwiktionary dump dated 2026-09-02 using wiktextract (1a05e46 and e3d6d4e). The data shown on this site has been post-processed and various details (e.g., extra categories) removed, some information disambiguated, and additional data merged from other sources. See the raw data download page for the unprocessed wiktextract data.
If you use this data in academic research, please cite Tatu Ylonen: Wiktextract: Wiktionary as Machine-Readable Structured Data, Proceedings of the 13th Conference on Language Resources and Evaluation (LREC), pp. 1317-1325, Marseille, 20-25 June 2022. Linking to the relevant page(s) under https://kaikki.org would also be greatly appreciated.